AELE LAW LIBRARY OF CASE SUMMARIES:
Civil Liability of
Law Enforcement Agencies & Personnel
Defenses: Sovereign Immunity
The Department of
Homeland Security, as an agency of the U.S. government, has not waived
its sovereign immunity to suit. A lawsuit against employees of the Department
in their official capacity under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983 and Sec. 1985 was
basically a lawsuit against the government, requiring dismissal of the
lawsuit, which asserted claims against Department employees who work for
the Division of U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Federal civil rights
claims against federal employees in their official capacity under Bivens
v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S.
388 (1971) are also barred on the basis of sovereign immunity. Cuevas v.
Dept. of Homeland Security, No. 05-15649, 2007 U.S. App. Lexis 11841 (9th
Cir.).
Police officers'
alleged actions of continuing to beat handcuffed arrestee after he was
subdued was malicious and therefore beyond the scope of their employment.
The city which employed them was therefore not liable for their actions
but rather immune from liability under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act.
City of Jackson v. Powell, No. 2003-CA-01013, 917 So. 2d 59 (Miss. 2005).
[N/R]
City was entitled to sovereign immunity under
Texas state law in a lawsuit for wrongful death brought by the estate of
a juvenile arrestee who died when he exited from a police car traveling
on a freeway and another car hit him. An officer's alleged negligent failure
to properly secure the arrestee in the back seat of the patrol car did
not come within a waiver of sovereign immunity for use of motor vehicles.
City of Sugarland v. Ballard, No. 01-04-00418-CV, 174 S.W.3d 259 (Tex.
App. 1st Dist. 2005). [N/R]
In a lawsuit under Texas state law for negligence,
filed by an arrestee who was shot by a sheriff's deputy after a car chase,
a county was entitled to sovereign immunity. A state statute waiving immunity
for certain negligent acts of governmental employees did not apply, as
the shooting was an intentional action. An intermediate state appeals court
reasoned that the exception to the statute's waiver of immunity for intentional
acts could not be "circumvented" merely by claiming that the
county was "negligent" in supervising the employee who commits
an intentional act, such as a shooting. Harris County, Texas v. Cabazos,
No. 01-03-00772-CV, 177 S.W.3d 105 (Tex. App. 1st Dist. 2005). [N/R]
Female motorist's allegation that a state
patrol officer, during a routine traffic stop, touched her outside of her
pants near the vaginal area, and then placed his hand underneath her clothing,
inserting at least one finger into her vagina, if true, was sufficient
to state a federal civil rights claim for sexual battery and sexual assault
against the officer individually. The Georgia State Patrol and Department
of Public Safety, however, were state agencies not subject to a lawsuit
for damages under 42 U.S.C. Sec. 1983, and claims under state law were
barred by sovereign immunity for losses resulting from assault, battery,
or false imprisonment, based on an exception to a statute waiving sovereign
immunity for certain injuries caused by governmental employees. Davis v.
Standifer, No. A05A1292, 621 S.E.2d 852 (Ga. App. 2005). [N/R]
Illinois state trooper was entitled to sovereign
immunity under state law for claims arising out of vehicle collision with
motorist's car on a state toll highway which occurred while she was responding
to a report of an accident involving injuries, which she was required to
treat as an emergency. Because she was acting in a manner "unique"
to her employment by the state, she was not required to have her lights
and sirens activated for the court to find that she was entitled to sovereign
immunity. Kawaguchi v. Gainer, No. 2-04-1017, 835 N.E.2d 435 (Ill. App.
2nd Dist. 2005). [N/R]
Texas city was entitled to a ruling on its
motion for sovereign immunity before trial in motorist's personal injury
lawsuit against city, police department, and officer who allegedly caused
the motorist's auto accident. In re Greenwell and City of Texarkana, No.
06-05-0035, 160 S.W.3d 286 (Tex. App. 2005). [N/R]
Claims by an arrestee's daughter for his
death based on the alleged use of excessive force during the arrest were
based on alleged intentional misconduct, rather than negligence, and therefore
were excluded from the scope of a Texas state statute waiving sovereign
immunity, so that complaint should be dismissed in its entirety. City of
Garland, Texas v. Rivera, No. 05-04-00516-CV, 146 S.W.3d 334 (Tex. App.
2004). [N/R]
Passenger in parked police vehicle could
not recover damages against city for injuries suffered when the car was
struck in the rear by another parked police vehicle which was itself struck
in the rear by a truck. Under Texas state law, the city did not waive sovereign
immunity when the cause of the injuries was not attributable to the car
in which the passenger was sitting, but rather to the negligence of a third
party, the truck driver. City of Kemah v. Vela, No. 14-03-01091-CV, 149
S.W.3d 199 (Tex. App. -- Houston 14th Dist. 2004). [N/R]
Under Florida state law, court clerk and
county sheriff were entitled to sovereign immunity from liability for damages
allegedly arising out of the plaintiff's arrest and incarceration based
on clerk's alleged failure to inform the sheriff that a capias for the
arrest had been canceled by the court. Lovett v. Forman, No. 4D03-2048,
883 So. 2d 319 (Fla. App. 2004). [N/R]
Driver of fire truck was not entitled to
sovereign immunity under Virginia state law for liability for injuries
a motorist suffered when the fire truck struck his vehicle. At the time
of the accident, the fire truck was responding to a call concerning an
infant locked inside a vehicle, and was driving in a non-emergency manner
without his sirens or lights activated, and was therefore required to obey
all traffic regulations. Supreme Court of Virginia reverses judgment for
the defendant, ordering further proceedings. Spivey v. Collier, No. 032315,
601 S.E.2d 591 (Va. 2004). [N/R]
Alabama deputy sheriff was entitled to sovereign
immunity under state law against liability for injuries suffered by motorist
his vehicle collided with while he was working within the "line and
scope of his employment," as conceded by the motorist. The motorist
claimed that the deputy had negligently or wantonly sped through an intersection
without utilizing his blue overhead lights and his audible siren, but under
Alabama law, the deputy was entitled to sovereign immunity, now called
State immunity, even under these circumstances, so long as he was acting
in pursuit of his official duty. Ex parte McWhorter (In re McCarley v.
McWhorter), 1021638, 880 So. 2d 1116 (Ala. 2003).[N/R]
Delaware Supreme Court rules that state statutes
waived sovereign immunity only to the extent that any loss was covered
by insurance. Trial court therefore properly granted summary judgment in
favor of police officer and state in lawsuit seeking to collect more than
the amount of insurance available for injuries sustained by vehicle occupants
in an accident involving a state police vehicle. Pauley v. Reinoehl, No.
679, 2002, 848 A.2d 561 (Del. 2004). [N/R]
Deputy sheriff, who was acting within the
scope of his duties in driving evidence to a forensic lab at the time that
his vehicle had an accident with another motorist's car, causing injuries,
was entitled to sovereign immunity from liability for negligence under
Alabama state law. Ex Parte Haralson, No. 1020783, 871 So. 2d 802 (Ala.
2003). [N/R]
Delaware Supreme Court rules that state statute
prevents the state, as owner of a police emergency vehicle, from asserting
sovereign immunity as a complete defense to a personal injury claim based
on the alleged negligence of the vehicle's driver, but that any liability
is limited, under state law, to the amount of liability insurance purchased.
Pauley v. Reinoehl, No. 679,2002, 2003 Del. Lexis 625 (2004). [2004 LR
Jun]
Under Georgia law, county which had not purchased
liability insurance for damages arising from officers' negligence in the
performance of their duties did not waive sovereign immunity and could
not be held liable for motorists' injuries from collision with truck pursued
by police. Smith v. Chatham County, No. A03A1133, 501 S.E.2d 388 (Ga. App.
2003). [N/R]
Under Connecticut
law, state statutory requirement that sheriffs purchase personal liability
insurance for damages caused by their wrongful acts was not a legislative
waiver of sovereign immunity for claims against the state and sheriffs
in their official capacity. The purpose of the statute was to protect the
public from the sheriffs' acts and hold the sheriffs personally liable,
not to authorize claims against the government. Connecticut Supreme Court
also holds that an exception to sovereign immunity for acts by state officers
in excess of their legal authority only applies to lawsuits seeking injunctive
or declaratory relief, and does not authorize claims for monetary damages,
overruling prior caselaw. Miller v. Egan, No. 16730, 828 A.2d 549 (Conn.
2003). [N/R]
Provisions of Administrative Procedure Act
(APA), 5 U.S.C. Sec. 702, waived the federal government's sovereign immunity
for purposes of a claim by a former Israeli citizen against the FBI director
claiming that a purported 15-year pattern of constant surveillance and
harassment violated his civil rights. The statute expressly waives sovereign
immunity for any non-monetary relief sought against the government. The
plaintiff claimed that the constant surveillance, allegedly because of
his expression of "unpopular political opinions" about the Israeli-Arab
conflict, resulted in rumors in the area that he was a "spy,"
individuals breaking into his home, hog-tying him, and severely beating
him, and interfered with his ability to re-marry and procreate because
the ongoing surveillance "scares away potential dates," as well
as making it "nearly impossible to find employment." Raz v. Lee,
No. 03-1420, 343 F.3d 937 (8th Cir. 2003). [N/R]
The U.S. government has not waived sovereign
immunity for a Fourth Amendment lawsuit against the U.S. Marshal Service
and the Marshal in his official capacity. Curtis v. Pracht, 202 F. Supp.
2d 406 (D. Md. 2002). [N/R]
301:13 Alabama sheriff and sheriff's deputy
were both entitled to sovereign immunity from liability under state law
in lawsuit brought by woman shot by fugitive that deputy failed to arrest
when he found him at home after receiving a report he had shot and killed
an officer in another state. Purvis, Ex parte, 689 So.2d 794 (Ala. 1997).
291:38 Ga State Department of Public Safety
was entitled to sovereign immunity from claims that its officers "negligently"
made arrests without probable cause, used excessive force, or failed to
prevent the use of excessive force; the first two acts would clearly be
intentional rather than negligent, and the third involved the use of discretion,
so that the state was entitled to sovereign immunity on all such claims
Rhoden v. Dept of Public Safety, 473 S.E.2d 537 (Ga App. 1996).
291:38 New York high court rules that sovereign
immunity no longer protects state government against lawsuits for violations
of state constitutional rights, such as protection against unreasonable
search and seizure and equal protection of law; NY state government can
now be sued for monetary damages in state court for violation of state
constitution Brown v. State, No 186, NY Ct of Appeals, 89 NY2d 172, 674
N.E.2d 1129, 652 N.Y.S.2d 223, 1996 NY Lexis 3175 (Nov 19, 1996).
299:167 City was not liable for death of
cocaine intoxicated arrestee taken to jail rather than to medical facility;
city was entitled to sovereign immunity under Texas state law and exception
for wrongful use of vehicle did not apply City of Orange v. Jackson, 927
S.W.2d 784 (Tex. App. 1996).
277:10 Ohio Supreme Court rules that highway
patrol was immune from liability for injuries caused by patrol vehicle
striking a motorist's vehicle while responding to an emergency call, in
the absence of willful or wanton misconduct Baum v. Ohio State Highway
Patrol, 72 Ohio St 3d 469, 650 N.E.2d 1347 (1995).
283:101 Mother's claim against state police
for allegedly mishandling her daughter's remains and failing to turn remains
over to her for burial were properly dismissed; intentional infliction
of emotional distress claim was barred by Pennsylvania sovereign immunity
and negligent infliction of emotional distress claim was not made in absence
of assertion that mother witnessed a "traumatic event involving her
daughter's remains" Ray v. Pennsylvania State Police, 654 A.2d 140
(Pa/Cmwlth. 1995).
266:20 Pennsylvania court overturns $43 million
award to motorist killed and another motorist injured in accident which
occurred when officer on foot entered traffic lane with hands raised to
attempt to stop turnpike traffic; court rules that state was entitled to
sovereign immunity from liability Barr v. Pennsylvania, No 86-1509, trial
court Delaware County, Pa, June 1994
266:21 Unpaid volunteer reserve deputy sheriff
was not an "employee" for whose actions county could be liable
under Texas law; state statute only waives sovereign immunity for certain
acts of paid employees Harris County v. Dillard, 883 S.W.2d 166 (Tex. 1994).
Indian tribal police officer was entitled
to sovereign immunity for giving intoxicated driver, who was not a tribal
member, a ride to a phone to call for transportation home, and for later
driving back and accidentally hitting and killing him with vehicle while
transporting a tribal member/arrestee to jail Suarez v. Newquist, 855 P.2d
1200 (Wash App. 1993).
City's possible liability for officers' alleged
misuse of autopsy photographs and videotape, claimed to constitute the
intentional infliction of emotional distress by reckless conduct, was barred
by sovereign immunity under Florida law Williams v. City of Minneola, 619
So.2d 983 (Fla App. 1993).
Alabama Supreme Court holds that a sheriff,
as an executive officer of the State, is immune from a suit for assault
and false arrest Boshell v. Walker County Sheriff, 598 So.2d 843 (Ala 1992).