AELE LAW LIBRARY OF CASE SUMMARIES:
Civil Liability of
Law Enforcement Agencies & Personnel
Expert Witnesses
In lawsuit claiming
that officers used excessive force, including a chokehold, in attempting
to place a man under arrest, resulting in his death, trial court found
not to have abused its discretion in barring expert testimony concerning
excessive force. The Plaintiff sought to introduce such testimony by a
police department Office of Professional Standards inspector and a police
sergeant who investigated the claim of excessive force during the arrest,
and to ask them whether the officer used excessive force or violated departmental
General Orders, policies or procedures. The appeals court upheld a trial
court ruling that the "probative value" of such evidence was
"substantially outweighed" by the danger of unfair prejudice,
and that it would not assist the jury in reaching a decision, but rather
would cause "confusion." Court also upholds ruling barring evidence
concerning the department's General Orders on the appropriate use of force,
since the issue of whether or not the officer violated a departmental regulation
was different from whether his use of force was unconstitutional. Thompson
v. City of Chicago, No. 04-3177, 2006 U.S. App. Lexis 31138 (7th Cir. December
20, 2006) [N/R]
It was no abuse
of discretion to exclude an expert witness's testimony in an excessive
force case involving a police shooting when the court found that the expert's
opinion that a reasonable officer would have been able to tell that the
plaintiff was not holding a gun, bur rather a cell phone, had "no
basis." Hickey v. City of New York, No. 05-1933-CV, 173 Fed. Appx.
893 (2nd Cir. 2006). [N/R]
Court did not abuse its discretion in excluding
plaintiff's expert witness in a lawsuit over state trooper's alleged excessive
use of deadly force against her son when she failed, for approximately
a year, to disclose requested information about his qualifications, publications,
and prior testimony in other cases. Appeals court also upholds summary
judgment for state troopers who shot and killed suspect, who had fired
at them and at other police officers, and who was sought under two arrest
warrants and an order for a mental health examination. Carr v. Deeds, No.
05-1472, 05-2186, 2006 U.S. App. Lexis 17461 (4th Cir.). [2006 LR Sep]
Experts in the use of deadly force could
not provide testimony based on medical evidence or opinions because this
was found by the court to be outside the area of their expertise, and there
was no showing that such medical reports were the kind of materials that
excessive force experts relied on. Richman v. Sheahan, No. 98C7350, 415
F. Supp. 2d 929 (N.D. Ill. 2006). [N/R]
Trial judge did not abuse his discretion
in excluding the testimony of a medical expert in a detainee's lawsuit
seeking damages for eye injuries allegedly caused by a police officer during
the detention. The plaintiff failed to file the expert's report in a timely
manner, and the report failed to provide a complete statement of the basis
and reasons for the expert's opinion or state his qualification. Further,
admission of the testimony at a late date had to be excluded to avoid prejudice
because admitting the testimony and giving the defendant officer time to
depose the expert would have resulted in the postponement of the trial.
Brooks v. Price, No. 03-4608, 121 Fed. Appx. 961 (3rd Cir. 2005). [N/R]
Erroneous admission of expert witness testimony
which commented on the credibility of police officers involved in shooting
required a new trial in case where jury returned a verdict against a suspect
shot and paralyzed from the waist down. Nimely v. City of New York, No.
04-3240, 2005 U.S. App. Lexis 12712 (2d Cir.). [2005 LR Aug]
Expert witness's proposed flat rate fee for
a deposition at his office in a federal civil rights lawsuit concerning
alleged excessive use of force was "exorbitant and unreasonable,"
without an explanation as to why he blocked out a full day for a deposition,
which might be a short one. Additionally, the court finds that the issues
on which he was to render an opinion were not complex, and that the flat
fee would amount to over $600 per hour. A reasonable fee, the court rules,
would be $250 per hour. Massasoit v. Carter, No. 1:04CV00151, 227 F.R.D.
264 (M.D.N.C. 2005). [N/R]
Jury could properly find that officer's use
of police dog to detain suspect following high-speed pursuit of car was
proper when he then believed she was a burglary suspect and was attempting
to flee arrest. Exclusion of testimony of expert witness was not an abuse
of discretion when his testimony would be irrelevant to whether the officer
acted in a reasonable manner. Marquez v. City of Albuquerque, No. 02-2294,
2005 U.S. App. Lexis 3299(10th Cir.). [2005 LR Apr]
A Florida Highway Patrol traffic homicide
investigator was properly allowed to testify as an expert witness in accident
reconstruction in a wrongful death lawsuit brought by a deputy sheriff's
estate against the owner and operator of a truck that struck the deputy.
He testified, based on his work at the accident scene, that the deputy
pulled out into the highway when the truck was so close that the truck
driver did not have time to avoid the collision. The court rejected the
plaintiff's argument that the investigator should have been barred as an
expert because a jury would give a law enforcement officer's testimony
undue weight. "When a law enforcement officer has been properly qualified
as an expert, the officer may testify to matters that are within the officer's
expertise." Alexander v. Penske Logistics, Inc., No. 3D02-2793, 867
So. 2d 418 (Fla. App. 3d Dist. 2003), rehearing denied, 2004. [N/R]
Trial court was not required to make a detailed
analysis of the reliability of psychiatric expert testimony, and it could
take judicial notice of the admissibility of expert testimony in "well-known
areas" of accepted expertise, such as psychiatry. Psychiatrist's testimony,
therefore, that an arrestee falsified or exaggerated some of her symptoms
stemming from force used during her arrest was admissible. Judgment in
favor of defendant city and officers upheld. Samaniego v. City of Kodiak,
No. S-10378, 80 P.3d 216 (Alaska 2003). [N/R]
Psychiatrists were qualified to testify as
expert witnesses as to the psychological impact on juveniles attending
a basketball tournament of allegedly unlawful detentions and searches of
them by police officers. Since psychiatrists did not need forensic training
or board-certification in child psychology to treat juveniles, their lack
of these qualifications did not bar them from testifying. Psychiatric team
leader who relied on data collected by a team member and did not himself
personally examine the civil rights plaintiffs could testify as to his
opinion. Williams v. Brown, 244 F. Supp. 2d 965 (N.D. Ill. 2003). [N/R]
Federal appeals court upholds criminal conviction
of officer for violating suspect's civil rights by allegedly releasing
police dog to bite him without any warning while he had his hands up, was
not resisting police orders, and had not made any sudden moves. Trial court
did not abuse its discretion in admitting evidence of officer's alleged
subsequent involvement in the misuse of police dogs, or in allowing the
government to present rebuttal expert witness testimony that the officer's
use of her dog in the immediate case was improper. U.S.A. v. Mohr, #01-5002,
318 F.3d 613 (4th Cir. 2003). [2003 LR Apr]
No hearing was required to resolve a plaintiff
arrestee's objections to the admission of an expert psychiatrist's report
and testimony about his mental state at the time of his arrest when the
basis for the objection was disagreement with disputed factual evidence
on which the expert relied. The plaintiff, who claimed excessive use of
force during the arrest, could explore, during cross-examination, the reliance
that the expert put on the disputed evidence in drawing his conclusion
that the plaintiff had been psychotic at the time so that his perception
of events were impaired and unreliable. He could also argue to the jury
that, if it rejected the underlying factual premises of the expert's report,
it should also reject the expert's opinion. Walker v. Gordon, #01-4106,
46 Fed. Appx. 691 (3rd Cir. 2002). [N/R]
Instructors at college's police academy,
who had testified against police as expert witnesses in an excessive force
case had no constitutionally protected property interest which was violated
by chiefs of police and sheriffs allegedly seeking non-renewal of their
contractors in retaliation for the testimony. Police chiefs and sheriffs
were not, however, entitled to qualified immunity on instructors' claim
that they kept their personnel out of the instructors' classes, in violation
of their First Amendment rights, in retaliation. Plaintiffs also asserted
a valid claim under Texas state law for tortious interference with instructors'
contract relationship with the academy, and the defendants were not entitled
to official immunity from that claim. Kinney v. Weaver, #00-40557, 301
F.3d 253 (5th Cir. 2002).[N/R]
Trial judge rules, in excessive force case
involving off-duty officer, that expert witness could provide testimony
concerning the proper police procedures to be followed and how and when
an officer should decide to go from off-duty to on-duty status, but could
not state a specific opinion about the specific facts of the case. The
jury, the judge ruled, could determine on its own whether or not the officer
kicked the plaintiff in the head. McCloughan v. City of Springfield, 208
F.R.D. 236 (C.D. Ill. 2002). [2002 LR Sep]
The trial court did not abuse its discretion
in allowing expert witness testimony on the ultimate issue in the case
of whether a deputy's use of force was proper against a Vietnam veteran
who was fatally shot by a deputy responding to a domestic violence call.
Crawford v. Bundick, No. 01-2864, 32 Fed. Appx. 785 (8th Cir. 2002). [N/R]
Expert witness testimony that officers should
not have shot a fleeing suspect was admissible in excessive force lawsuit,
even though the question of whether the officers actually saw the suspect
possessing a weapon did not determine whether they could use deadly force.
Expert's opinion could help the jury decide whether the officers' use of
force was reasonable under the circumstances. Wilson v. City of Des Moines,
160 F. Supp. 2d 1038 (S.D. Iowa 2001). [N/R]
279:38 Expert witness testimony
on "hedonic damages" (the enjoyment value of human life) barred
by trial court in lawsuit over police shooting of individual. Ayers v.
Robinson, 887 F.Supp. 1049 (N.D.Ill. 1995).
Federal rules of civil procedure allow admission
of scientific evidence/expert testimony regardless of whether Frye "general
acceptance" test is met; federal trial judge must ensure that expert
testimony is relevant and is based on a "reliable" foundation
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 113 S.Ct. 2786 (1993).
Federal trial court bars expert testimony
on the reasonableness of officer's use of force; holds that such testimony
"would interfere inappropriately" with jury's judgment process
Wells v. Smith, 778 F.Supp. 7 (D.Md 1991).
Police expert's testimony on proper level
of force to be
used in disarming suspects was properly admitted
in excessive force lawsuit, although plaintiff had not been armed Kladis
v. Brezek, 823 F.2d 1014 (7th Cir. 1987).
Defendant officers entitled to advance knowledge
of substance of expert witness testimony to be offered against them at
trial Williams v. McNamara, 118 F.R.D. 294 (D. Mass 1988).
Legal expert should not have been allowed
to testify as to what legal conclusions he would draw from evidence in
civil rights case. Spect v. Jensen, 853 F.2d 805 (10th Cir. 1988), en banc,
reversing 832 F.2d 1516 (10th Cir. 1987).