California Supreme Court orders POST to disclose the names, employing agencies, hiring and termination dates of peace officers included in the Commission's database. Cmsn. on Peace Officer Stds. & Trng. v. Super. Ct. of Sacramento Co. (L.A. Times), #S134072, 2007 Cal. Lexis 8916.
     Ninth Circuit finds that FOIA disclosure of two Presidential Daily Briefs written for President Lyndon Johnson in the 1960s could "reveal protected intelligence sources and methods." The Court rejected a per se status exemption for PDBs." Berman v. C.I.A., #05-16820, 2007 U.S. App. Lexis 21072 (9th Cir.).
     First Circuit holds that the FBI has a qualified privilege to protect sensitive law enforcement techniques and procedures from disclosure to another jurisdiction. Comm. of Puerto Rico v. U.S., #06-2449, 2007 U.S. App. Lexis 14030 (1st Cir.).
     Fourth Circuit upholds a District Court's refusal to enforce a DoJ subpoena for I-A interviews of police officers. The creation of a so-called Garrity Review Team in the U.S. Attorney's Office was insufficient reason to enforce the subpoena. I-A investigators "face an uphill battle due to the so-called 'blue wall,' the tendency of law enforcement officers to place solidarity above all else and to be less than fully cooperative with investigations of fellow officers. Officers who report misconduct are ostracized and harassed; become targets of complaints and even physical threats; and are made to fear that they will be left alone on the streets in a time of crisis." In Re Grand Jury, G.J. 2005-2, #06-4612, 2007 U.S. App. Lexis 3809 (4th Cir. 2007).
     In a dissolution of marriage action, a deputy sheriff's spouse was entitled to have an in-camera review of her husband's personnel records. Slayton v. Superior Ct. of Sutter Co., #C053780, 2006 Cal. App. Lexis 2051 (3d App. Dist. 2006). [N/R]
     Ninth Circuit rules against a DEA forensic chemist who sued under the privacy act because the U.S. Attorney disclosed information to a criminal defendant that the chemist had lied in another proceeding. The disclosures qualify for the "routine use" exception to the Privacy Act, 5 U.S. Code §552a(b)(3) and there was no evidence of retaliation against the employee. Burnett v. DoJ, #04-56814, 2006 U.S. App. Lexis 30203 (Unpub. 9th Cir.). {N/R}
     Newspaper was entitled to learn the names of high-earning police officer and firefighter pension recipients. Detroit Free Press v. City of Southfield, #260083, 269 Mich. App. 275, 2005 Mich. App. Lexis 3151; appeal denied, #130438, 713 N.W.2d 776, 2006 Mich. Lexis 985(2006). {N/R}
     National Security Archive sues the Central Intelligence Agency, claiming that the Agency has unlawfully assessed the Archive for FOIA searches, contrary to the ruling in Nat. Secur. Archive v. DoD, 880 F.2d 1381 (D.C. Cir. 1989). Nat. Secur. Archive v. C.I.A., #1:06CV01080 (D.D.C., Filed 2006). {N/R}
    Florida appellate court holds that the financial supporters to a website that was used to fund litigation against a city government are entitled to remain anonymous. Discovery would have a chilling effect on anonymous supporters of political causes that feared retaliation. Matthews v. City of Maitland, #5D05-2716, 2006 Fla. App. Lexis 4224 (5th App. Dist. 2006). {N/R}
     Missouri appellate court allows a person who is accused of assaulting officers to obtain internal investigation statements from the arresting officers and other citizens who have complained about the officers. State of Missouri ex rel. Springfield v. Brown, #27027, 2005 Mo. App. Lexis 1697 (2005). {N/R}
     President issues an Executive Order to improve the processing of information requests, which requires agencies to designate a Chief FOIA Officer and to create FOIA Requester Service Centers. "Improving Agency Disclosure of Information," Executive Order 13392 (Dec. 14, 2005). {N/R}
     Missouri appellate court rules that the state's Sunshine Law on public records requires cities to release police internal affairs records to a man charged with assault on three police officers. State of Mo. ex rel. Springfield v. Brown, # 27027, 2005 Mo. App. Lexis 1697 (2005). {N/R}
     California appellate court orders a crime task force to comply with the open meeting requirements where public policy does not compel a different result. McKee v. L.A. Interagency Metro. Police Apprehension Crime Task Force, #B179548, 134 Cal.App.4th 354, 2005 Cal. App. Lexis 1825, 36 Cal.Rptr. 3d 47 (2d App. Dist. 2005). {N/R}
     Law article: "Ready . . . Aim . . . FOIA! -- A Survey of the Freedom of Information Act in the Post-9/11 United States," by Ava Barbour, Boston Public Interest Law Journal, 13 B.U. Pub. Int. L.J. 203 (Spring, 2004). {N/R}
     Names and other identifying information can be redacted from documents provided on a FOIA request to avoid unwanted contact or harassment of government employees. Electronic Privacy Info. Ctr. v. Dept. of Homeland Security, #04-0944, 2005 U.S. Dist. Lexis 14779 (D.D.C. 2005). The complaint is on the EPIC website. {N/R}
     The state secrets privilege was sufficient grounds to dismiss a race discrimination lawsuit brought against the CIA by an African American operations officer. Attempts by a court to safeguard Agency secrets "still entail considerable risk ... placing covert agents and intelligence sources alike at grave personal risk." Sterling v. Tenet, #04-1495, 2005 U.S. Dist. Lexis 15945 (D.D.C. 2005). {N/R}
     In a defamation lawsuit, a judge in N.Y. City orders an Internet service provider to disclose the identity of a person that sent an e-mail to the governing board of a national organization that accused its chief executive of nonfinancial dishonesty. Public Rel. Soc. of Amer. v. Road Runner Online, #116210/04, 2005 NY Slip Op 25227, 2005 N.Y. Misc. Lexis 1155 (N.Y. Co. Sup. 2005) relying on the rationale established in Sony Music v. Does 1-40, 326 F.Supp2d 556 (S.D.N.Y. 2004). {N/R}      Connecticut Supreme Court holds that a town failed to meet its burden of showing that the public release of high-resolution aerial photos would compromise public security. Director of Technology, Town of Greenwich v. Freedom of Information Cmsn., #SC 17262, 874 A.2d 785, 274 Conn. 179, 2005 Conn. Lexis 218 (2005). {N/R}
     In a FOIA action, a memorandum prepared by the Dept. of Justice Office of Legal Counsel that analyzed whether state and local law enforcement officers may lawfully enforce federal immigration laws, was not protected by the attorney-client privilege because the DoJ had incorporated the memo into agency policy. Natl. Council of La Raza v. Dept. of Justice, #04-5474, 2005 U.S. App. Lexis 9911 (2d Cir. 2005). {N/R}
     Pennsylvania appellate court holds that a newspaper wasn't entitled, under the state's public records law, to obtain a public official's itemized cellular telephone bills, citing concerns of potential identity theft. Tribune-Review Publ. Co. v. Bodack, #427 C.D. 2004, 2005 Pa. Commw. Lexis 234 (Pa. App. 2005). {N/R}
     California appellate court holds that the salaries of highly paid law enforcement officers and public officials are not confidential personnel records, and disclosure to the media is not an unwarranted invasion of privacy or a violation of the state constitutional provision protecting personal privacy. Int. Feder. of Prof. Eng. L-21 and Superior Court (Contra Co. Newspapers), #A108488, 128 Cal.App.4th 586, 2005 Cal. App. Lexis 607 (1st Dist. 2005). {N/R}
     New York's highest court holds that the FDNY was required by the state's Freedom of Information Law to disclose tapes and transcripts of various conversations on and after September 11, 2001. New York Times Co. v. City of New York Fire Dept., #13, 2005 N.Y. Lexis 452 (N.Y. March 24, 2005). {N/R}
     For the first time, a federal court orders the CIA to disclose a prior budget in a Freedom of Information Act lawsuit -- brought by a pro se plaintiff who specializes in challenging government secrecy classifications. The 1963 budget was previously declassified. Aftergood v. Central Intelligence Agency, #01-2524 (D.D.C. 2005). {N/R}
     Federal court upholds a gubernatorial order banning state workers from giving interviews to two Baltimore reporters. Publishers and journalists have no greater rights to access than members of the public. The Sun v. Ehrlich, #1:04-cv-03822, 2005 U.S. Dist. Lexis 2082 (D.Md. 2005) citing Snyder v. Ringgold, #97-1358, 1998 WL 13528, 1998 U.S. App. Lexis 562 (Unpub. 4th Cir. 1998) and Branzburg v. Hayes, 408 U.S. 665 (1972). [2005 FP Apr.]
     Federal appeals court affirms a district court decision to unseal documents related to the VSP's investigation of a murder where the release of the documents would not affect the integrity of the investigation. Virginia State Police v. The Washington Post, #04-1375, 2004 U.S. App. Lexis 20629 (4th Cir.2004). {N/R}
     Federal court allows a plaintiff to subpoena an officer's medical and claims history, notwithstanding confidentiality privileges and privacy laws. The plaintiff claimed the officer shot him in the back because he was physically unable to chase him due to physical impairments. Hutton v. City of Martinez, #C02-1606, 219 F.R.D. 164, 2003 U.S. Dist. Lexis 19852 (N.D. Cal. 2003). [2004 FP Nov]
     Incident reports prepared by police officers pertaining to the use of force are subject to production pursuant to the state's Freedom of Information Law. New York Civil Liberties Union v. City of Schenectady, #95, 2004 N.Y. Lexis 1602 (N.Y. 2004). {N/R}
     California appeals court reverses a trial judge that ordered a sheriff's dept. to produce an I-A report without redacting those portions reflecting the investigating officer's analysis and conclusions. Haggerty v. Super. Ct. San Diego Co., (Guindazola), #D043033, 117 Cal.App.4th 1079, 12 Cal.Rptr.3d 467, 2004 Cal. App. Lexis 565 (4th Dist. App. 2004). {N/R}
     Supreme Court finds that the release of gruesome body photos is not required under the FOIA's exception for "records or information compiled for law enforcement purposes" if their production "could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy." National Archives v. Favish, 02-954, 124 S.Ct. 1570, 2004 U.S. Lexis 2546 (2004) construing 5 U.S. Code §552(b)(7)(C). {N/R}
     Federal court rules that curious historians did not have legal standing to challenge Executive Order 13233, by which the heirs of a deceased or disabled former president can block public access to Presidential records. American Historical Assn. v. National Archives, #01-2447, 2004 U.S. Dist. Lexis 5137 (D.D.C. 2004). {N/R}
     Virginia Supreme Court rules that e-mails between public officials are not subject to the state's FOIA, because like letters, they were not simultaneous. Beck v. Shelton, #030723, 2004 Va. Lexis 40 (2004). {N/R}
     A federal court has held that a defendant in a civil wrongful death action could take the Fifth Amendment when the plaintiffs sought to take his deposition. Boim v. Quranic Literacy Institute, #00 C 2905, 2004 U.S. Dist. Lexis 2060 (N.D. Ill. 2004), citing Baxter v. Palmigiano, 425 U.S. 308 at 316, 96 S. Ct. 1551 (1976). [2004 FP Apr]
     Texas Attorney General rules that a public official or public employee's journal of public events is subject to disclosure under the state's Public Information Act, even if the book was purchased with personal funds and kept at home. Texas A.G. Opin. OR2004-0327 (2004). {N/R}
     The Defense Dept's Inspector General will no longer post routine audits on its website. Reports must now be "specifically approved for public release." "Inspector General Data Posted on the Inspector General Web Site," staff memo dated 5 Dec. 2003. {N/R}
     The Florida Supreme Court has unanimously ruled that the City of Clearwater was not required to release the personal e-mails of city employees simply because they were sent on city-owned computers while on city time. Times Publishing Co. v. City of Clearwater, #2SC02-1694, 2003 Fla. Lexis 1534 (2003). {N/R}
     Appellate court denies a FOIA request for the cellular phone records of five staff members of the Florida House of Representatives. The Republican Party, not the state, paid for the cellular phones. Media Gen. Oper. v. Feeney, #02-2849, 849 So. 2d 3, 2003 Fla. App. Lexis 2023 (Fla. App. 1st Dist. 2003). {N/R}
     Texas appeals court holds that a police officer's disciplinary record is subject to the state's freedom of information laws. Abbott v. City of Corpus Christi, #03-02-00785-CV, 2003 Tex. App. Lexis 4600 (3rd Dist. Austin, 2003). {N/R}
     Ninth Circuit affirms the criminal contempt conviction of a researcher who violated a protective order when he gave copies of 79 LAPD files to TV journalists, exposing efforts by officials to shield officers from domestic violence prosecutions. Supreme Court denies review. Mullally v. City of Los Angeles, #01-55620, 49 Fed. Appx. 190, 2002 U.S. App. Lexis 22535 (Unpub. 9th Cir. 2002) Cert. denied, 2003 U.S. Lexis 3025 (2003). [2003 FP Jul]
     Police officers' Assn. loses suit to uncover the public defender's database of police officers. It is not a "public record," and if it is, it would be exempt because the public interest in nondisclosure clearly outweighs the public interest in disclosure. Coronado Police Officers Assn. v. Carroll, #D039198, 2003 Cal. App. Lexis 331 (4th Dist. 2003). {N/R}
     City of New York ordered to release hundreds of audio and written Fire Dept. records related to the 9-11 response at the World Trade Center. The state trial court exempted internal documents that could be used to create and amend policies, but noted that firefighters and communications operators are not entitled to the same expectations of privacy as citizens. New York Times Co. v. City of N.Y. Fire Dept., #110753/0, N.Y. Co. Supreme Ct., N.Y (Misc. 2003). {N/R}
     Texas appellate court holds that the state's Public Information Act required a city to disclose the reasons it rejected a police applicant. A statutory exception for internal records that, if released, would interfere with law enforcement did not apply. City of Fort Worth v. Cornyn, #03-02-00074-CV, 86 S.W.3d 320, 2002 Tex. App. Lexis 6643, 19 IER Cases (BNA) 120 (Tex. App.3d Dist. 2002). {N/R}
     Media in Washington state will receive the names of terminated or disciplined state workers who sent abusive e-mails, along with a copy of the e-mails. The information was sought under the Washington Public Disclosure Act. A Superior Court rejected an injunction sought by the union, but permitted the names of nondisciplined workers to be redacted before the mail is released. Wash. Feder. of St. Employees v. St. of Wash., Thurston Co. Super. Ct. #02-2-00679-2, 40 (1963) G.E.R.R. (BNA) 574 (2002). {N/R}
     Florida appeals court holds that private or personal e-mails sent or received by public employees, using a city computer, do not become "public records" for the purpose of release to the news media. Times Publishing Co. v. City of Clearwater, #2D01-3055, 2002 Fla. App. Lexis 9414 (Fla. App. 2d Dist. 2002). [2002 FP Sep]
     Police internal affairs filed were not exempt from the state's FOI Act. Chief of Police, Hartford v. Freedom of Infor. Cmsn., 746 A.2d 1264, 252 Conn. 377, 2000 Conn. Lexis 53. {N/R}
     Maryland Supreme Court holds that a criminal defendant is entitled to a copy of police internal affairs statements of officers who will be witnesses against him. Due Process overrides a statute preserving IAD file confidentiality. Robinson v. Maryland, 354 Md. 287, 730 A.2d 181, 1999 Md. Lexis 258. See also State v. Roy, 151 Vt. 17, 557 A.2d 884 (1989); habeas corpus den., 907 F.2d 385 (2d Cir. 1990). [1999 FP 119-120]
     Newspaper loses lawsuit to compel police chief to disclose disciplinary information. Disclosure would breach promise of confidentiality. Daily Gazette Co. v. City of Schenectady, 1999 N.Y. Lexis 224, 93 N.Y.2d 145, 710 N.E.2d 1072 (reversing 673 N.Y.S.2d 783). [1999 FP 85-6]
     Florida Atty. Gen. rules that conversations between an agency's employees and the agency's legal counsel are a public record, subject to the state's Sunshine Law, and are not attorney-client privileged conversations. Fla. Advis. Legal Opin. AGO 97-61 (9-17-97). [1998 FP 154-5]
     Ohio Supreme Court holds that nonofficial e-mails between jail officers were not "public records" for the purpose of a FOIA demand. State ex rel Wilson-Simmons v. Lake Co. Sheriff's Dept., 82 Ohio St.3d 37, 693 N.E.2d 789, 1998 Ohio Lexis 1366. [1998 FP 135-6]
     In sexual harassment case (against the chief), a federal judge allows public and media to have transcripts, but not copies of tapes of the Police Commission's investigation of her complaint. Welsh v. C&C of San Francisco, 887 F.Supp. 1293 (N.D.Cal. 1995). {N/R}
     Ohio supreme court allows the media access to police personnel and discipline records; the "law enforcement exception" in the state public records law applies solely to investigatory files. Multimedia Inc. v. Snowden, 647 N.E.2d 1374; 1995 Ohio Lexis 939. [1995 FP 150-1]
     Federal court dismisses suit by undercover detectives who were featured in a TV show without digitized concealment of their faces, despite assurances from the station and producers their faces would not be recognizable. Agmt. did not confer third-party beneficiary status on officers, nor could they collect for negligent infliction of emotional distress. Does I-VI v. KTNV Ch. 13, 863 F.Supp. 1259 (D.Nev. 1994). {N/R}
     N.Y. Times editorial (7/13/95-p.A-14) critical of NYCPD investigation into "the drunken rampage by NYC cops in Washington DC." {N/R}
     Appellate court in N.Y. allows civil rights plaintiff to have reports of the police civilian review board, but could not obtain internal affairs files and documents. Flores v. City of N.Y., 615 N.Y.S.2d 400 (A.D. 1994). {N/R}
     Federal appeals court rules that a federal grand jury can subpoena an officer's IAD-compelled statements. In re Grand Jury Subpoenas v. U.S., 40 F.3d 1096 (10th Cir. 1994); cert. den. 115 S.Ct. 1957 sub nom Nakamura v. U.S. [1995 FP 54]
     In disciplinary proceedings, under 5 U.S. Code 7114(b), unions are entitled to receive from the employer, information that is "reasonably available and necessary for full and proper" understanding of the issues. Information is not "necessary" merely because it is relevant. U.S. (DoJ/INS) v. F.L.R.A., 39 F.3d 361 (D.C.Cir. 1994). {N/R}
     Illinois appellate court upholds the dismissal of a freedom of information suit brought by a newspaper that sought production of an internal investigation file of the state police. ISP had investigated a municipal police chief for harassment. The file was exempt from disclosure. The Copley Press v. City of Springfield, 639 N.E.2d 913 (Ill.App. 1994); rev. den. 645 N.E.2d 1356 (Ill. 1995). {N/R}
     Newspaper wins suit to force disclosure of results of polygraph tests on police applicants. Records were employment records and not "confidential law enforcement investigatory records." State of Ohio v. City of Lorain, 9 IER Cases (BNA) 443 (Ohio App. 1993).
     Under Calif. Evidence Code 1045, a juvenile is entitled to discover the outcome of disciplinary proceedings stemming from an earlier citizen's complaint filed against an arresting officer, when that information is relevant to a wardship proceeding. San Jose v. Superior Court (Michael B.), 5 Cal.4th 47, 850 P.2d 621, 1993 Cal. Lexis 2270. {N/R}
     Appellate court prevents disclosure of disciplinary investigation files and supervisory performance rating records to lawyer who sued under a public records act. Law Offices of W.A. Pangman v. Zellmer, 473 N.W.2d 538 (Wis.App. 1991). [1992 FP 134]
     City of Los Angeles could release an employee's disciplinary record to the press without violating his constitutionally protected right of privacy, or statutes providing for the confidentiality of employment files. Bradshaw v. City of Los Angeles, 221 Cal.App.3d 908, 270 Cal.Rptr. 711 (1990).
     California Supreme Court holds that a police officer is not entitled to inspect the notes of an internal affairs investigator prior to his "Garrity interview." Decision is a setback for unions under the state's "Bill of Rights" law. Pasadena Police Officers Assn. v. City of Pasadena, 51 Cal. 3d 564, 797 P.2d 608 (1990).
     Federal appeals court affirms jury verdict against chief because department failed to provide accused employee relevant exculpatory matter contained in the internal affairs files; damages assessed at $1,550,000. Los Ang. Police Prot. League v. Gates, 907 F.2d 879 [at 893-4], 1990 U.S. App. Lexis 11023 (9th Cir.).
     Federal court quashes Grand Jury Subpoenas that sought "Garrity" statements of officers, contained in IAD files. In re Grand Jury Subpoena Issued to Custodian of Records, St. Louis Metropolitan Police Dept., {Unreported} #89 Misc. 492 (E.D. Mo. 2/6/90). AELE Ref. # 5633 (Copy of Court's Order)
     City must release to news media the names of applicants for police chief job, even though applicants were told the appointment process was confidential. Bangor Publishing Co. v. City of Bangor, 544 A.2d 733 (Me. 1988).
     Citizens entitled to a court order requiring city to make public an internal investigation report concerning an ex-chief, even though city promised not to release it. Barton v. Shupe, 37 Ohio 3d 308, 525 N.E.2d 812 (1988).
     Indiana Supreme Court allows media to use cameras and recorders in disciplinary hearings. Berry v. Peoples Broadcasting Corp., 547 N.E.2d 231 (Ind. 1989); Marion Co. Sheriff's Merit Bd. v. Peoples Broadcasting Corp., 547 N.E.2d 235 (Ind. 1989).
     Montana Supreme Court upholds newspaper's right to force law enforcement agencies to disclose the names of officers who received discipline, even though the state constitution protects the right of individual privacy. Great Falls Tribune v. Cascade Co. Sheriff, 775 P.2d 1267 (Mont. 1989).
     Indiana appeals court allows presence of TV cameras at police disciplinary hearings. Berry v. Peoples Broadcasting Corp., 514 N.E.2d 1283 (Ind.App. 1987).
     Appeals court upholds use of hidden video camera installed in station to detect officer's unlawful gambling activity. Thorton v. University Civil Service Merit Board, 507 N.E.2d 1262 (Ill.App. 1987).
     Connecticut Supreme Court rejects FOIA suit by newspaper to inspect investigatory files. Commissioner, Dept. of Public Safety v. Freedom of Information Commission, 204 Conn. 609, 529 A.2d 692 (1987).
     Firefighters lose suit against chief for making public a report and charges they used drugs; broken promise of confidentiality does not give employees a right to sue. Mangels v. Pena, 789 F.2d 836 (10th Cir. 1986).
     Federal court upholds an EEOC subpoena for allegedly irrelevant documents in an ADEA inquiry. "A party may not defeat an agency's authority to investigate by raising what could be a defense if the agency subsequently decides to bring an action against the party." EEOC v. Delaware State Police, 618 F.Supp. 451, 1985 U.S. Dist. Lexis 15275, 39 FEP Cases (BNA) 81 (D. Del.). {N/R}
     Accused employee not entitled to discover disciplinary files of other employees to prove claim of discriminatory punishment; exceptions noted. Phrainen v. City of Lake Charles, 450 So.2d 986 (La. App. 1984).
     News publisher has right to inspect files relating to termination of chief; intervention allowed. State v. Township of Delevan, 334 N.W.2d 252 (Wis. 1983).
     Publicity attendant with officer's removal from training academy required due process hearing. Knutsen v. Bolas, 452 N.Y.S.2d 134 (Misc. 1982).
     California appellate court orders in camera production of personnel file of special deputy applicant. Johnson v. Winter, 179 Cal.Rptr. 585 (App. 1982).
     Accused employee's voluntary testimony at civil service hearing can be used against him in criminal trial; accused not entitled to see department's internal investigation file. Cox v. McNeal, 577 S.W.2d 881 (Mo.App. 1979).
     In a suit by the union, the employer could lawfully refuse to disclose the scores on employee aptitude tests, unless each employee signed a release. Detroit Edison v. NLRB, 440 U.S. 301, 99 S.Ct. 1123, 1979 U.S. Lexis 66 (1979). {N/R}
     A police officer's answers at a disciplinary interview are not exempt from discovery under the attorney-client privilege simply because the city and officer might be a party to a lawsuit arising from the underlying incident. Statements made to IAD investigators were not intended to be confidential within the attorney-client privilege, but rather were made as part of the process to determine whether LAPD policies were adhered to, as part of a disciplinary investigation. Gonzales v. Munic. Ct. (People), #48837, 67 Cal.App.3d 111, 136 Cal.Rptr. 475, 1977 Cal. App. Lexis 1209 (2d App. Dist. 1977). [N/R]
     Appellate court rules that results of a psychological test required by the Civil Service Cmsn. are not confidential. The purpose of the exam was not for diagnosis or treatment. The patient/health care provider privilege does not apply to the testing process. Ring v. Fox, 56 Ohio App.2d 235, 382 N.E.2d 1159 (1977).
     Also see: Disciplinary Discovery; Examination Techniques; Promotional Procedures; Psychological Exams & Standards.